INTRODUCTION:
Most of the groundwater sources in the city of XXXXX are polluted either by waste water, solid waste, and poor human excreta management. From these factors of groundwater pollution in the city, particularly in low income communities and high density areas the people are using dug wells.
BACKGROUND:
Ecological sanitation latrine is one of the groundwater pollution and contamination protection technologies in high water table areas; XXXXX started constructing demonstration Ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) latrines since 1999 by introducing the demonstration latrines in various streets in the city of XXXXX due to the problem of sanitation and pollution of groundwater. This small project was funded by the XXXXX XX XXXXX project. In the beginning of the demonstration of XXXXX XX it was very difficult for the community to understand this new technology of keeping their faces hygienically. As far as, the water table is high, sand, high density and unplanned areas.
THE PROBLEM:
Need:
Most of the city residents who are living in peri urban areas depend of groundwater sources which are dug wells, boreholes, and shallow wells. Water table in the city is high, few house are connected with dry piped water supply from river sources which are from the city.
Water – related problem:
- No enough water supply from the authority services
- High number of pit latrines which pollute the dependable source of waters.
- Frequently outbreak of cholera disease due to the shortage water and pollute the depend source.
- Malaria disease
- Poverty to every time concentrating in diseases, drought etc.
- High population in one area due to water available of enough water services etc
Health problem:
Since the water table of the city of XXXXX is less than one meter from in depth and the most of city residents are using pit latrines which are one to two meters in depth this creates pollution of the groundwater. This is a substantial health problem because most of the people are using dug wells as a source of drinking water. Poor solid waste disposal is a big problem also. Most of the city streets have no solid waste collection services. There is no knowledge to sort out the waste .e.g. poison, garbage etc before disposing; People are disposing waste on the open spaces and other dig shallow pit for disposing waste which directly contaminates the groundwater.
The city of XXXXX is affected by Cholera disease and many people die from it. The three main hospitals of XXXXX municipalities have high numbers of Cholera patients in every year. All strategies that have been taken by government to prevent cholera have failed because the number of patients’ increases year to year.
(The target area for this project is experience of cholera disease every year. This causes high death rate due to cholera and create others disease problems e.g. .diarrhoea and typhoid fever. Report of task force for Cholera disease of health department of City council December 2001)
Most of the city’s inhabitants are poor people and are living in informal settlements, living without adequate/ reliable supply of safe water services.
EXISTING SITUATION:
The main sources of water for domestic and other beneficial uses in selected areas are shallow wells and traditional wells. According to the prevailing water table and pit latrine, it is obvious that pollution of water occurs (groundwater pollution)
The selected areas to start this project are partially planned and partially squatted. It has a drainage system, which covers small area, and in some areas the drainage is just a natural watercourse which is already blocked as a result of poor operation and maintenance. Part of a new drainage system as well is blocked due to the same reason.
There are various types of latrines in use. This includes; Pit-latrine, Very few WCs and very few ventilated Improved Pit-latrines and there is no ecological sanitation latrine and they know nothing about Ecosan.
As far as solid waste collection is concerned the area has no proper solid waste collection system like dumpsites and collection chambers.
Instead some people dump their waste in open pits, open space and in drainage systems as well as in the Indian Ocean.
THE OBJECTIVE
The objective of monitoring groundwater pollution is to sustain and improve this dependable drinking water for the majority of the city’s resident’s particularly low income communities, i.e. health and poverty alleviation strategies improved and allow them to do development activities.
TARGET AREA:
LOCATION OF THE PROJECT;
Wards with no water services in XXXX each municipal three communities for the project .
BASIC INFORMATION:
The city of XXXXX is located in coast area along the Indian ocean. The water table is almost 1-2 meters depth, and other areas the groundwater have high concentration of iron and salinity. XXXXX is the largest city in Tanzania with population of approximately 3.0 Millions inhabitants. It is the main center for economical, political and culture activities in Tanzania.
XXXXX City is divided into three Municipals namely, XXXXX. Being the city that is economically important to the country, as it has many people, it needs reasonable amount of water and safe water for Drinking and water for Domestic uses needs to be completely fulfilled for better and healthier society. Due to the high city expansion and most of the people who are living in poor urban areas use locally dug wells and shallow wells.
Approximately 70% of the city is unplanned settlements. Most of the city’s inhabitants are poor people and are living in informal settlements, living without adequate/ reliable supply of safe water and hygiene education services. The growing number of urban poor in the city of XXXXX is approximately 8% per annum.
OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN WATER AND SANITATION ISSUES IN THE
TARGET AREA I. DAWASA
Water supply services in the city were done by XXXXX XX, after privatization of XXXXX XXX, the City Water company is responsible for water supply services in the city. Due to the old water supply system water supplied by City Water is not enough to serve all the city residents now is XXXXX XX. In low income communities, peri urban (slums) areas communities cannot afford to pay for piped water supply from the private company. Therefore most of the city resident are using groundwater source from shallow wells or traditional dug wells 1 – 3 meters depth.
Organization :
XXXXX XXXX is a technical non-governmental and non-profitable organisation established particularly to help the community to have safe and adequate water supply, sanitation and
good environments through implementation, operational and maintenance of community based water and sanitation projects. XXXXX XX is a registered organization with registration number XXXXX XX. These activities are including mobilisation, advocacy and lobbing, community capacity building in community involvement, planning, designing, construction, operating, and management skills of water and sanitation projects in Tanzania.
Since XXXXX XXXX has been working in XXXXX city in XXXX municipality to support communities in seven informal settlements (streets) to develop community-based water, hygiene and sanitation programme, XXXXX XX is the major local NGO partnership working together with XXXXX XX organisation in all seven streets, there are water user’s committees who are involved from the initial, planning, designing, stages to the implementation and operation stage. Apart from XXXXX XX projects XXXXX X is conducting their projects for communities in XXXX street community hygiene and environmental sanitation promotion program, XXXX community sanitation promotion project and conducting training on rehabilitation/maintenance of windmill and hand pumps to the community in XXX district. Also we are in collaboration and co-operation with other international and local NGOs, donors and government’s department of children, community development, water and sanitation sector for conducting and implementation of community programs.
XXXXX XXX now is in finishing process of the XXXXX X water supply project at Temeke district this including drilling the borehole, construction of storage tank, distribution and services line of 2 km, four (4) domestic points (kiosks) and capacity building of the committee to operate the project under the community management. This project financed by XXXXX XX organisation from the XXXXX X. XXXXX X have also conducted training for community management of water user’s committees of XXXXX under Plan International urban unity. These projects are going well. We conducted feasibility study of rehabilitation and operational options of borehole water supply under community in XXX rural through under ministry of water and XXX district council in 1999 – 2000
Initiated and facilitated the XXXXX X community based organization (CBO) for operating and managing environmental issues in XXXXX .
MINISTRY OF WATER AND IRRIGATION:
The ministry of water and livestock development is a monitoring ministry of all issues of water conducted by their departments, water private companies; local and international water NGOs and all kind of water works are under this ministry. According to the new water policy launched March 2003 the ministry is not doing direct the implementation but is monitoring and looking if the sector is well achieved as the policy emphases.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH:
The ministry of health is collaborating with the ministry of water and the ministry of local government to ensure all health and sanitation issues are well implemented with all the stakeholders. In the ministry there is a department which is direct involving in the implementation of environmental health issues.
MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT:
All municipality, wards, and streets where we are working under the ministry of local Government and regional administration. This ministry is responsible for local issues and administration therefore each water companies, local and international NGOs want to work to the community must pass through this authority through municipality or district council.
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS:
There are several local and international organizations who are dealing with water and sanitation in the city of XXXXX , e.g. XXXx, XXXX,
FACTS OF WATER AND SANITATION IN TANZANIA.
It is estimated that more than half of the water for domestic purposes in Tanzania is derived from sub-terrane sources .The little that is available for industrial and agricultural purposes is mainly drawn from surface sources .It is the domestic water which has a direct impact on health. Since groundwater provides a significant support to the domestic water requirements in Tanzania particularly in the city of XXXXX, establishment of an effective monitoring system to ensure an economic extraction and protection of the quality of these precious resources is a matter of no option to water management authorities.
The growing rate of population expansion (especially in urban areas) induces a correspondingly higher demand for potable domestic water. With the current trend towards privatization of public services, it is anticipated that, sooner or later, water supply service in Tanzania will be in private hands. The consequence of such privatization is that access to water will no more be based on ordinary services as it used to be, but will purely become a commercial business. This is already gaining momentum in many urban centers of Tanzania. Therefore the National Water Policy 2002 emphasizes the protection of groundwater for development and future generation.
ECOSAN ACTIVITIES DONE/LITERATURE REVIEW OF SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES:
We have already conducted various hygiene education, sanitation facilities promotion training programs and construction of demonstration ECOSAN latrines in XXXX funded by XXXXX X, Ilala municipal funded by Concern worldwide and again in Temeke Municipal other latrines funded by XXXXX XXXX. In all areas where we worked we have initiated health and environmental sanitation committees selected through community meetings under local government offices. Then we train all the members of committees including the local masons (technical people) and local government leaders on how to educate, train, advocacy, and mobilize the construction and operation of ECOSAN latrines. Other members from these committees are hygiene promoters and educators of the important of using the latrines for human health.
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:
Project Goal: To improve the quality of life for people in low income communities by protecting the groundwater as source of drinking water.
Project Purpose: To improve the quality of life of low income communities by improving water supply and sanitation services and hygiene practices.
The objectives of the project is to help the community especially poor to have access of safe water supply services for drinking and domestic uses in low income areas and hygiene education practices. The objectives are grouped as follows:
Objective 1: To develop safe water source poor communities in slum areas.
- Site selection of facilities with community members and technical team
- Drilling of boreholes, connection to electric pump with conctrete/plastic storage tank and construction of pump house.
- Pipe connection to communal distribution points/kiosks
Objective 2: To improve hygiene practice and environmental sanitation condition for poor communities in slum areas
- Formation and training of health and environmental sanitation committees by using PHAST methodology “ PHAST TEAM”
- Construction of demonstration household level ecological sanitation (eco san) latrines
- Construction of household level ecological sanitation latrines and communal waste disposal chambers.
- To carry out hygiene education and sanitation promotion (HESP) general outreach activities including production and use/distribution of IEC materials.
Objective 3: To build community capacity to operate and manage their water supply systems
- Formation of water committee/water user’s association and conducting training on project management, operation and maintenance
- Formation of distribution point committees one per communal distribution point/kiosk.
- Establishment of water user fee system and investigate long term water supply system ownership options.
TARGET PUPOLUTION:
We are expecting ***** populations will benefit from this project.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT:
In the selection for implementation of the project there is informal settlement (unplanned area) with high population with high number of poor pit latrines. Through high number of poor pit latrines all groundwater around the community have been polluted and contaminated from these poor pit latrines. The communities in the target area are depending on groundwater sources through digging shallow wells which automatic are sucking water from pit latrines. Therefore through ECOSAN latrines will improve the health of the city residents. Also this project will decrease poverty from the community through using products from ECOSAN latrines.
POSSIBLE SOLUTION:
- Recharge of aquifers for groundwater sustainability
- Proper drainage system and wastewater management
- Introducing integrated latrines technologies and public awareness in environmental issues and sanitation facilities promotion e.g. Construction of ecological sanitation latrines, proper solid waste management and waste recycling technologies etc
- Integrated urban planning and settlement policies.
- To promote sanitation without water facilities e.g. ECOSAN toilet instead of use water for toilet/flushing WC toilets.
NOTE: before introducing the solution we will conduct a community workshops to and discuss get other ideas from and within the community and other stakeholders for improving water management strategies.
SELECTION OF A SOLUTION:
- Supplying water from boreholes to the communal water points/kiosks
- Introducing integrated latrines technologies and public awareness in environmental issues. This means the solution will address the toilet technologies to reduce pollution of groundwater and also proper solid waste management instead of randomly solid waste disposal.
Therefore the solution will be divide into two parts:
- Drilling of boreholes for communal water supply and recharge of aquifers
- Introducing toilet technologies instead of using WC toilet and pit latrines, these will be ecological sanitation latrines (Ecosan latrines) with hygiene education.
- Proper solid waste and wastewater management, this including sorting techniques, drainage systems, community education, recycling, and generating incomes from the waste. etc
THE METHODOLOGIES TO ADRESS THE SOLUTION:
The methodologies which WEPMO are using are community participatory tools which allow close interaction and sharing different experiences these including, group discussions, role plays, brainstorming, case study, stories and preliminary discussions
- Introducing water and sanitation technologies:
- mobilizations and preparation
- small research of appropriate water management technologies fit for the solution in the target areas
- Stakeholders meetings
- Community meetings and selection of water committees or water user’s entities.
- Training for committees and local level artisans
- Construction of water management technologies accepted by community.
- To carryout water management technologies education and promotion to the communities.
- Monitoring and follow-up of the practices and behavior changes
- Proper solid waste and waste water management:
- Mobilization and preparations
- Stakeholders meetings
- Community meetings and selection of environmental committees
- Training for the project supporting team (committees)
- Training of the community on the way of keeping sold waste and sorting methodologies.
- Construction of demonstration latrines technologies accepted by community.
- Constructions of solid disposing chambers
- To carryout proper toilets technologies and solid waste management education to the communities
- Monitoring and follow-up of the hygiene practices and behaviours change
- Introducing the investors to invest on waste recycling industries e.g. plastic recycling industries etc
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES:
- Household centered approach
- Full community participation
- Involving private sectors
- Participation of all sectors stakeholders in the target areas.
- Introducing Up to date technologies
- Promotion of Ecological sanitation latrines to the communities.
- Construction of more demonstration of ECOSAN latrines
- Water management education to the community
THE TRAINING FOR PROJECT SUPPORTING TEAM;
Different options of water management technologies including sanitation without water technologies.
- Qualification and requirements for community hygiene education and sanitation promoter/facilitator.
- PHAST training, the uses and application of PHAST methodology to facilitate sanitation facilities promotion.
- Different and understanding of sanitation options and construction process/stages.
- Techniques how to involve the community/household in analyzing and selection of water and sanitation options.
- Water management and Sanitation ladder
- Roles and responsibilities of hygiene and sanitation educator/promoter/facilitators in the community.
- To link and networking with hygiene and sanitation facilities stakeholders from the local level to national level.
- Initiative and supporting of hygiene and sanitation working groups.
- Gender analysis and equality.
- Organizing regular follow-up monitoring and promotion of sanitation facilities through water and health working groups and PHAST team.
PROJECT APPROACH:
The target are the community, but the WEPMO team will train first the environmental committees in each street which will work together with hygiene promoters, school teachers, women working groups, health committees who will working together as the be project supporting team. Then will initiate the hygiene clubs in the villages, which will be conducted by the above groups under monitoring of street’s government, district council and WEPMO organization. This team together will start conducting project activities in the community group in the school, house to house, then will be follow up by initiating/formation of hygiene/health clubs.
THE OUTPUT OF THE PROJECT AFTER COMMENCEMENT:
- After finished the project the following are the outputs;
- Boreholes for water supply, communal water points and other water facilities.
- Improving community Hygiene, the project will reduce 70% of outbreak of dangerous diseases e.g. cholera etc.
- Will increase the uses of safe groundwater and reduce the burden of community walkinglong distance for fetching safe water.
- will increase the uses of the biogas from the latrines and this will protect the environments
- Increase of income of the poor communities through solid waste collection and recycling of the waste.
THE BUDGET OF THE PROJECT:
The estimated cost of the project for three wards is:
- Formation project supporting team (community representative) US$ xxxx
- Development of water sources and construction of communal water points US$ XXXXX
- To conduct training workshops and construction of demonstration of Ecosan latrines in the community and schools area will cost US$ XXXXX
- To conduct training for solid waste management , workshops and construction of solid waste disposing chambers will cost US$ xxxx
- Community contributions for all project will be US$ xxxx
- Therefore total cost of the project is US$ XXXXX X, requested from the donor is US$ XXXXX
